6分 老招新用 主动使用被动语态
口语部分
在雅思口语中被动语态是个特别容易被人忽视的加分点。来看这些句子，不同的说法感觉就不一样。
A同学：I'd like to talk about a place Xiamen. It's located in the south part of China. I went there with my best friend during the last summer holiday.
B同学：I would say a place near the water that I had been to 2 years ago in summer holiday with my friend is called Xiamen, which is located in the southern part of China.
同样的信息，但是B同学给人的感觉就不一样。在一个句子中套用了多种语法结构。对于被动语态这个知识点，最容易被忽略的就是is called （被叫作）结构。通常大家都会直接说is…，很少有人会刻意强调名称。这算是一个清晰传递信息的技巧。
再看一句：
A同学：Before I went to this place, my friend searched for some information about this place on the Internet. He said Xiamen is a leisure city. In 2007, it ranked in the top 10 tourist cities in China.
B同学：Before I went to this place, I was told that Xiamen, the leisure city in 2007, was on the list of top 10 tourist cities in China. Thanks to my friend's searching work on the Internet.
做引入信息的时候，可以用到I was told that…
比如，说到水果，可以说I was told that an apple a day keeps the doctor away.或者，说到污染，可以说I was told that in Beijing the haze and PM2.5 have already influenced the death rate of lung cancers in a bad way.提到历史，你可以说I was told that in traditional Chinese culture, there's an old saying. Take history as mirror, you'll know rise and fall. （我听过传统中国文化里有句古话，以史为鉴可以知兴替。）
如果是在Part 2题里，想要描述一个名人，一个老人，一个好朋友的事迹，也可以用这一句，I was told that he has been to 14 different countries in only 2 years. That fascinated me. 题目要求描述一个常坐飞机的人, 可以说：
I was told he was a professional cameraman.
除此之外，被动语态还可以被用在表达惊讶的情绪中。这一组句子的备选项有：
描述一个未来想住的房子，也可以使用被动语态：
The first time I saw this house in a movie, I was amazed by its style and imagination of using plastic bottles to build a house.
描述一个你敬仰的老人，可以使用被动语态：
I was shocked that Doctor Tu Youyou used her own body as human experimental subject and finally found how to tackle the malaria problem.
我们还可以把被动语态用于转折的句子中，譬如：
Do you prefer to eat in the restaurant or eat at home?
Well, nowadays, a lot of newspapers often report recycled oil being used in restaurants,that being said(话虽这么说), you can't ignore the advantages restaurants bring to us, for example, save my time on dish washing and cooking and provide me with various choices.
用被动语态表达干的不错的或者干得不好
◊ His body is very well-built. 他身材非常好。
◊ He is medium built. 他中等身材。
在口语中表达活儿干完了：
She is very strict. Every day she has to check if the flower is watered, homework is done, socks are washed and then she allows us to go to bed.
还可以表达一些众所周知的事情、媒体报道、大众观点：
It is often reported that… 媒体经常报道……；It's supposed to be a controversial issue. 这应该是个具有争议性的问题。It is commonly known that…众所周知……；It is said that…据说……
还有几个常用的被动语态表达：
◊ My timetable is always packed and fully occupied.
我的时间表总是很满。
◊ This phenomenon is often described from a negative aspect.
这个现象总是从负面被描述出来的。
◊ In school, we were not allowed to wear whatever we wanted.
在学校不是想穿什么就能穿什么。
◊ Her face is always filled with smile.
她总是面带微笑。
◊ I like the feeling of being needed.
我喜欢被需要的感觉。
◊ Instead of being warmed up by the clothes she gave me, my heart was melted by her.
与其说她给我的衣服让我感到温暖，不如说我的心已经被她融化了。
被动语态出现的位置通常都比较固定，所以学会这一章，在口语表达中可以自如运用被动语态。
练习
01 改错：口语挑错
看看下面的句子，挑挑毛病吧。
1)I was so surprised. I didn't expect that she would gave me pajamas. I was thinking,“How considerate she is.” Can you imagine that? If you saw my facial expression, you would know it's mixed with happiness, satisfaction and being moved.
我特别惊喜，我没想到她会送我一件睡衣。我就想：“她好体贴啊!”你能想象吗?如果你看到我的表情，你就知道我脸上混杂着开心、满意和感动。
2) At about 4 o'clock, I was woken up by my friend. He just slapped my face and said, “Hey, rise and shine! It's about that time.” I was thinking, “Who the hell is that? Leave me alone. I'm so sleepy.” Honestly, if I had a knife in my hand, I would definitely kill him. My head was so heavy. I felt like my head was hit by a rod or something.
大约4点钟，我的朋友把我叫醒了。他拍拍我的脸蛋说：“嘿，快起床!时间到了。”我当时想：“到底是谁在叫我?让我自己待会儿，我太困了。”说实话，如果当时我有一把刀，我一定会杀了他。我的头好沉，好像被一个杆子或别的东西撞了似的。
02 大闯关：口语闯关
试试针对下面的题目翻译一句。
Do you like eating fruits?
我超爱吃水果，夏天的时候几乎天天吃。以前我总听人说，“一天吃个苹果就不用看医生了”。苹果富含维生素，对身体很有好处。
参考答案
01 1)并列结构happiness，satisfaction都是名词，后面的moved是个形容词，与前者不匹配了，所以要慎用“感动”这个词，应该为being moved 被感动，就变成名词的形式了。
2) 有时候要小心一个词的过去分词和原型形式一样。hit的过去分词就是hit，类似的词还有put，let, hurt, read, shut, spread, cut, set, 千万不要写错，或者读错了。
02 Fruit is my poison. In the summer I eat fruits almost every day. I was told before that an apple a day keeps the doctor away. Apples are rich in vitamins, so they've very healthy.
写作部分
在写作中，我们可以使用下面两种被动语态的特殊用法来给文章增色：
1 和主语补足语合并使用
比如：
2016年4月21日 如何解决不断增加的消费品生产对环境的危害?
Popularizing biodegradable materials are thought to be the main way to minimize the pollution caused by household waste.
推广可降解材料被认为是最小化生活垃圾所造成的污染的主要途径。
这一句的主干就是：
相关事项 is/are thought to 某一意义（主语补足语）.
相关事项被认为是……。
句子很短，但是包含了两个语法拿分点：一个是被动语态“被认为”，另一个是句尾不定式作主语补足语。逻辑上这一句可以用来提出论点。
再如：
2016年3月31日 为什么孩子们花更多时间在电脑游戏上、更少时间在运动上?它是积极的还是消极的?
Playing video games, including violent shooting games, is believed to boost a range of cognitive skills, such as a sense of direction, reasoning, memory and perception.
有人相信，玩电游，包括暴力射击游戏，可以加强一系列的认知技能，比如：方向感、推理、记忆力和觉察力。
那么，这一句的备选项可以总结为：
2 和主语从句同时使用
2016年3月12日 现代社会不需要动物性食品和产品了吗?
It has been noted that the taste, nutrition or quality of artificial alternatives cannot compare with animal products.
人们已经注意到，人工替代品的口味、营养或者质量不能和动物产品相比。
这一句的主干是：
It has been noted that …
人们已经注意到……。
拿分点是it作形式主语，that引导后置的主语从句，具体细节大家可以参照第二十四招：主语从句的讲解，同时又包含了被动语态。这一句可以用于论据分析部分，用来讲道理。
再如：
2016年3月5日 不该相信记者吗?记者最重要的素质是什么?
It is believed that curiosity, namely being interested in how things work, should be the number one quality a great reporter must have.
人们相信，好奇心，即对事物如何发展感兴趣，应该是一个出色的记者必须拥有的第一素质。
注意这个例句中出现了两处被动语态：一处是“is believed”，另一处是“being interested in”。
那么，这一句的备选项可以总结为：
需要注意的是，其实上面表格里的时态是多种可选的：既可以用现在完成时表示既成事实has been noted，也可以用将来时表示建议should be noted，还可以用一般现在时表示现存状态is noted。
图表题中，被动语态主要用于流程图和地图中对于变化的描述。
先看流程图，大部分加工流程图中施动者（比如工人）是不出现的，那么我们不得不依赖被动语态来说明加工过程。一般流程图包含大约6个加工步骤，我就列出6个不同的句式来供大家参考，都涉及被动语态。
· 选项一：
原料 is加工过程（动词被动语态）by a设备（so that加工结果（句子））.
原料将由某种设备进行某种处理（以便得到某种结果）。
· 选项二：
原料 is placed in a设备 to be加工过程（动词被动语态）（for 加工结果（名词 / 动名词词组））.
原材料被放置于设备内进行某种加工（以便实现某种加工结果）。
· 选项三：
原料 is transferred to a设备so as to be 加工过程（动词被动语态）and加工结果（动词词组）.
原材料被运送到某一设备并进行某种加工（并达到了某一结果）。
· 选项四：
原料 is passed to a 设备 for加工过程（动名词词组）（and turns to加工结果（动词词组））.
原料被送到某种设备处进行某种处理（并变成了某一结果）。
· 选项五：
In order to further process 原料（to 加工结果（动词词组））, 流程（名词 / 动名词词组）is done with the help of a设备.
为了对原料进行进一步的加工（以得到某种结果），某一流程在某一设备的帮助下被完成。
· 选项六：
As a close, 原料 is packed up / delivered to 用户.
作为收尾，原料被打包 / 运给用户。
这些句式，除了选项六之外，其余在实战中的顺序都是可调的，在句首加上下面这词表示顺序就更好了：
At the beginning，Next，Then，After that，Afterwards，Following that，At the 序数词 stage, At stage 数字, Finally等
在闯关部分，我们会看到针对这些句式的流程图练习。
在地图题中，建筑和自然景貌的变化也一样要用被动语态，因为建设者在图中不会出现，这一点相对简单，但是涉及的动词相对多变，下面是一些描述特殊地点变化的词，注意所有的动词都是以被动形式出现的：
Trees, forests：cleared，cut-down，chopped-down，removed，planted
Roads, bridges and railways lines：constructed，built，extended，expanded，removed
Leisure facilities：opened，set up，developed
练习
01 改错：写作挑错
看看下面的句子读起来顺口吗?问题在哪里呢?
2014年5月10日 男性应该帮女性做家务吗?
It would be cruel and unreasonable to push men to do housework, because more rest is needed by them to replenish energy.
强迫男性做家务是残忍和不通情理的，因为更多的休息被他们需要来补充体力。
02 大闯关：写作闯关
试试用本章提供的流程图句式描述出下面图表的关键加工过程。
2014年1月11日
The flow chart below describes the processes of making bottles by recycling glass products.
The process of glass recycling
参考答案
01 实际生活中，被动语态常用于施动者没出现的情况，比如：那个苹果被吃了。这句里被谁吃的没提，那被动语态就是对的。否则，在施动者出现的情况下，一般用正常语序比较顺口，这是一个表述习惯的问题，中英文在这一点上是一致的。
所以上面的翻译读起来很怪异，应该改为：
It would be cruel and unreasonable to push men to do housework, because they do need more rest to replenish energy.
强迫男性做家务是残忍和不通情理的，因为他们确实需要更多的休息来补充体力。
02 There is a flow chart showing the process of the recycle usage of glass.
The process contains six steps according to the time sequence.
First, used glass products are collected in collection points, so that they could be transferred to a cleaning plant by trucks.
After that, these used glass products are placed under high pressurized water to be cleaned.
Then, the cleaned ones are classified by colors, including brown, green and clear and are transferred to a recycling plant.
Following that, the glass products are passed to a furnace for heating and turns to recycled liquid glass.
In order to further process recycled and new liquid glass to produce new bottles, the final production is done with the help of a mould.
After that, the new bottles are delivered to customers and supermarkets.