欧洲岩画European Rock Art

欧洲岩画是世界岩画艺术宝库中的重要组成部分。在法国西南部、西班牙北部和意大利南部等地区，有旧石器时代晚期的岩画遗存，多以彩绘形式描绘大型动物，并伴有抽象符号，为冰河时代的洞穴岩壁画。新石器时代以至铜铁时代的岩画，分布在西班牙、挪威、瑞典、意大利等国家，岩画丰富多彩，有明确表达的主题，多有生活场景和人物。

European rock art is an important component part of the world rock art treasury. In southwest France,north Spain and south Italy there are rock arts of late Paleolithic Age,which mainly present large animals depicted in form of colored painting and abstract symbols.They are cave paintings created during the Ice Age.Rock arts during Neolithic Age to Bronze Age concentrate in Spain,Norway, Sweden and Italy,which usually embrace life scenes and human figures,abundant and colorful,with specific motifs.

法国岩画Rock Art in France

位于法国南部的比利牛斯山山谷，洞窟内有冰河时期艺术遗存和文化堆积物。

Niaux Cave is in Pyrenees Mountains in South France,which contains artistic relics and cultural deposits of the Ice Age.

位于法国多尔多涅省蒙尼克镇附近，是韦泽尔河谷中的一座洞窟。1940年，4个法国的少年在此玩耍，发现此洞窟。其内有大约1500个岩刻600个绘画作品。

Lascaux Cave,near the village of Montignac in the Dordogne Department of France,is a cave in the Vezere Valley. In 1940 four French boys discovered the cave when playing there.In the cave there are about 1,500 carvings and 600 paintings.

法国尼奥洞窟中马德林文化期的一幅画。尼奥洞窟中最有研究价值的，是在野牛身上绘有矢状的记号。在旧石器时代尚未发现过弓箭，画中的矢状形多数学者认为是有钩的鱼叉，体现人类企图征服野兽的愿望，与狩猎巫术有关。

It is a Niaux Cave painting during Magdaleneian period in France.The spear-like signs drawn on the bison are the most research-worthy in Niaux Cave.No bow or arrow of Paleolithic Age has been found. The arrow signs in the painting are regarded as fish spears by most scholars, which embody people's wish of conquering beasts and are related to hunting witchcraft.

法国拉斯科洞窟崖壁画的内容。制作年代大约在15000年前，描绘的是一群扬蹄奔跑的野牛和野马，因使用写实手法，加上作者高超的绘画技能，形象非常生动，画面宏大、雄伟，充满动感、激情和原始的野性的感觉。

It is a Lascaux Cave painting in France which is created approximately in 15000 years ago. It depicts a herd of running bison and horses.Because of realistic depiction and the creator's superb painting skills,the images are highly lifelike and the whole painting is magnificent,full of action and passion and the primitive wildness.

此画描绘的是一头野牛正冲向一个鸟人，鸟人附近有一只鸟站立在枝头，野牛已身负重伤，腹下流出大量肠子。学者们认为这幅作品可能是在表现某种观念。有人认为是伪装成鸟人的猎人；也有人认为是巫师，正在为获取狩猎的丰收施行巫术。

A bison is charging at a bird-man,next to whom is a bird standing on a branch.The bison has been badly wounded with guts out of its body.Scholars hold that this painting is expressing certain ideas. Some believe the birdman is a hunter in disguise and some regard him as a wizard who is practicing witchcraft for the hunting result.

法国拉斯科洞窟壁画内容，马的描绘非常出色。这种所谓的“中国马”，它的形体颇似中国的蒙古马种。此马正处于怀孕期，这与祈求增殖的观念有关。在造型上和色彩运用上，都有其独到之处。

It is a Lascaux Cave painting in France.The horse is well portrayed.This"Chinese horse"has similar body with Mongolian horse in China.The horse which is pregnant reflects the prayer for reproduction.It is quite unique in terms of form and color.

画面描绘的是一群混杂奔走的野兽，几只野牛处于众多野兽的围追之下，野牛显现出惊恐、防范的神态，众野兽则虎视眈眈、跃跃欲试，表现出诡秘凶悍的本性，画面里弥漫着紧张的捕猎氛围，使人惊恐于原始的野性世界。

The painting depicts a troop of beasts. Several bison which are chased and besieged by many beasts shows terrified expression. The beasts eye covetously on them and reveal their ferocious nature.The nervousness of preying pervades the painting which.

画面描绘的是一群犀牛形象。它们个个膘肥体壮，憨态可亲，表现出一副悠闲、团结的样子。画面巧妙利用石头的凹凸肌理，将动物合理安排其中，给观者以身临其境的感觉。

The painting depicts a herd of rhinoceroses. They are strong and full in form, appearing to be relaxed and united.The roughness of the rock is smartly used to present a realistic feeling.

野驴神态安祥，栩栩如生。从构图到着色，透露出画家扎实的写实功力。

The wild ass appears to be at ease and is vividly depicted.The composition and coloring reveal the creator's excellent realistic skills.

意大利岩画Rock Art inⅠtaly

岩画表现了20多只在草原上生活的鹿、羊、狗、狼等动物形象。其中，有两条鬣狗在前后堵截一只鹿，一头狼在追逐一只鹿，场面惊险而富有活力。

The painting shows over 20 images of deer,sheep,dogs and wolves living on the pasture.Two hyenas are intercepting a deer and a wolf is chasing another.The scene is full of the vitality of life.

挪威岩画Rock Art in Norway

岩画表现了人类对动物进行放牧和圈养两种畜养方式的状况。画面上，有人用长杆驱赶动物，有人用弓箭或木斧射杀动物，一片繁忙景象。构图简洁生动，极富生活情趣。

The painting shows the grazing and pen-breeding of animals. There are people herding the animals and some of them are hunting animals with bow and arrow or ax. A busy scene is presented. The simple but lively composition is filled with love for life.

瑞典岩画Rock Art in Sweden

波罕斯浪岩画。密集的坑穴，象征着生殖的繁盛和人类对动物繁衍的关注。

It is a Bohuslan rock carving.The densely distributed cupmarks symbolize prosperous reproduction and people's attention to animal multiplication.

岩画内容比较复杂，有船只、人物、水鸟、狗等形象。这些形象夹杂安排在一起，使画面洋溢着浓厚的北极渔猎风趣。

The carving is complex. Images of boat, human, water bird and dog are mixed together which present the hunting scene in polar area.

波罕斯浪岩画。世界性的原始观念，脚印和鞋印是生殖崇拜的抽象表现。

It is a Bohuslan rock painting.The footprint and shoeprint are abstract representation of reproduction worship,which is a world primitive concept.

西班牙岩画Rock Art in Spain

阿尔塔米拉洞窟，位于西班牙坎塔布连山麓，洞窟深约270米，形状曲折。多数岩画集中在左侧洞内，洞顶布满了绘画。

Altamira Cave is situated in Cantabria, Spain. The cave is about 270 meters long, consisting of a series of twisting passages and chambers. Most of the paintings concentrate on the left side and the ceiling.

作者以粗重、流畅的线条准确地描绘了野牛的形体结构。适当部位施以黑色或赭红色，使画面的体积感得到很好的表现。作品里的野牛塑造得很是生动逼真，粗犷有力。

The bison's body form is accurately depicted in thick and flowing lines,and the black and red ochre coloring presents sense of volume.The bison are vivid and bold.

这是一只鹿的形象，用黑色和赭红色绘成，画面虽已残缺，但从幸存的部分仍可看出它造型的优美、生动。

It is a deer painted in black and red ochre pigments. Although the painting is incomplete,its gracefulness and vividness are revealed in the remained part.

描绘的是一群妇女舞蹈的情景。她们穿着长长的衣裙，手牵丝带，迈着轻盈的脚步在齐整地舞动着，画面给人以沉静、韵律的美感。

The scene of group dancing of women is shown,in which they wear long dress,holding ribbons in their hands and dance on nimble steps. The painting presents a peaceful and rhythmic aesthetic feeling.

拉文特岩画里有一个显著的特点就是男人手中大多握着弓箭。此画也无例外，两个男猎手身材高大，手持弓箭，警觉地摆开架势，似乎马上要投入狩猎的场面。画面给人留下了遐想的余地。

One of the distinct features of Levant painting is that most of the men depicted hold bow and arrow. In this painting two tall hunters hold bows and arrows as if they are about to hunt. The painting leaves us much imagination.

西班牙拉文特崖壁画，描绘的是一群手拿弓矢、法器的猎手们在激情的跳舞。他们身形、舞姿整齐，动作夸张，造型洗练，给人留下深刻的记忆。

This is a cliff painting at Levant,Spain which depicts a group of hunters dancing passionately with bows and arrows and sacrificial wares in their hands.Their stature,the same posture,exaggerated motions and simple form impress us deeply.

描绘一穿长裙的少妇轻快地踩着绳梯攀上高树，左手提着小罐，右手揭开蜂巢，被惹怒的蜜蜂群起而攻之。画面描绘出修长的树干，婀娜的人体，旋转的蜂群，整幅作品里洋溢着浓厚的生活气息。

This painting depicts a young woman in dress sprightly climbs up the rope ladder to gather honey. She carries a small jar in her left hand and opens the beehive with right hand. The displeased bees swarm about and attack her. The long trunk, slime figure and whirling swarm fill the painting with flavor of life.

欧洲马格德林文化时期的作品。画面中有两只凶猛的野牛，负伤后它们的身躯蜷缩成一团，外轮廓被处理成稳定的三角形状，抽搐的四蹄，甩动的尾巴，斜刺如剑的双角，以及直竖的耳朵，将野牛处于生命最后时刻，困兽犹斗的习性表现得惟妙惟肖。

It is a painting of Magdaleneian period. The two ferocious bison are crouching after being wounded. The outline is put in a stable triangle shape.The twitched hoofs,waging tails,sharp horns and upright ears vividly reveal the beasts'struggle at the last minute of life.

葡萄牙岩画Rock Art in Portugal

怀孕野马岩画，线条简洁而富有活力，是期盼动物繁衍再生的形象体现。

The painting of pregnant wild horse,with simple lines but full of vigor of life,is the embodiment of prayer for prosperous animal multiplication.